Free Essays on Greek and Roman

Romans Did and Greeks Thought Life’s achievements have been gone through ages and to various societies since the very beginning. From the beginning, individuals have had the option to put their brains together to concoct new and simpler approaches to do day by day exercises. These splendid and decided personalities delivered everything from better innovation, quicker and progressively effective food creation and everything in the end drove up to just bettering the personal satisfaction for individuals. The most overwhelming and brave societies throughtout the world were focused in Athens, Greece and Rome, Italy. These two drove the antiquated world in the quest for development of their extraordinary domains just as their longing to lead with their propelled lifestyles. The Greeks, particularly those in Athens, commanded the Mediterranean area. They comprised of numerous extraordinary personalities that developed a period wherein new thoughts and creations were being thought of and archived again and again. In spite of the fact that they never completely delivered all that they had thought of: reasoning and expressions, the Romans were definitely not a long ways behind with their devices to start expanding upon the establishment with further headways, for example, a channel of roadways, conduits, and improved architectual stuctures that permitted the Romans to additionally create as a realm. The Greek Empire was brimming with individuals who appreciated just a profound discussion brimming with thoughts and conclusions. The first pre-socratic Greek philopher was a man by the name of Thales. He sought after musings of mathmatics what's more, cosmology. He developed speculations about sun powered obscurations and a deductive technique for geometry. Not for an additional hundred years, would a man go along that could match this philosphers thoughts. In any case, a man named Socrates came to life and carried with him a decided psyche looking for a â€Å"absolute truth†. He concentrated primarily on moral and good points of view. Socrates was keen on Athenian equity, lover... Free Essays on Greek and Roman Free Essays on Greek and Roman Romans Did and Greeks Thought Life’s achievements have been gone through ages and to various societies since the very beginning. From the beginning, individuals have had the option to put their brains together to think of new and simpler approaches to do day by day exercises. These splendid and decided personalities delivered everything from better innovation, quicker and progressively proficient food creation and everything in the long run drove up to just bettering the personal satisfaction for individuals. The most commanding and brave societies throughtout the world were focused in Athens, Greece and Rome, Italy. These two drove the antiquated world in the quest for development of their extraordinary realms just as their longing to control with their propelled lifestyles. The Greeks, particularly those in Athens, ruled the Mediterranean district. They comprised of numerous incredible personalities that developed a period wherein new thoughts and innovations were being thought of and archived again and again. Despite the fact that they never completely delivered all that they had thought of: theory and expressions, the Romans were most certainly not a long ways behind with their instruments to start expanding upon the establishment with further headways, for example, a channel of roadways, conduits, and improved architectual stuctures that permitted the Romans to additionally create as a realm. The Greek Empire was brimming with individuals who delighted in simply a profound discussion brimming with thoughts and assessments. The first pre-socratic Greek philopher was a man by the name of Thales. He sought after considerations of mathmatics also, space science. He built speculations about sun powered obscurations and a deductive strategy for geometry. Not for an additional hundred years, would a man tag along that could match this philosphers thoughts. Be that as it may, a man named Socrates came to life and carried with him a decided brain looking for a â€Å"absolute truth†. He concentrated primarily on moral and good points of view. Socrates was keen on Athenian equity, lover...

The Red Scare Essays (1069 words) - , Term Papers

Understanding The Legal Issues Of Blogging

Understanding The Legal Issues Of Blogging Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Understanding The Legal Issues Of BloggingUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : Radha KrishnaTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/1OaTaAm CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBlogging in today’s world is considered to be one of the most effective tools particularly in the Business domain. There happened to be a period when the element of blogging was only considered to be an area of expressing ones emotions, creativity etc., but the present picture is totally different. Blogs even have the power to rev up the stature of an organization and at the same time can also turn out to be the reason of downfall. Now with such an upsurge in the blogging world, there are certain legal issues related to this which should be understood and known. This article would definitely give an outset of the legal issues concerned with blogging so that you can have a brief idea of how to protect y our blogs and also yourself if you violate any elements via your blogs.Knowing the Disclosure PolicyGoing back a few years i.e. before 2009, you wouldn’t have faced any problems if you supported or promoted a company, product, service etc., by highlighting any link but since December 2009, the advent of the blog disclosure policy has restricted the usage of links anywhere in your blog. Which means none of your blogs should have rather should not disclose any relationship with other products or services. Therefore if you ever plan to start a review blog which highlights the different pros and cons of products or services then it would be very important for you to publish a disclosure policy page in your blog so that no legal problem arises.Copyright ContraventionPlagiarism is one important aspect that should be taken care with utmost interest. You will never have the right of copying any material from the net. Nowadays almost all unique materials published in the web has a copyrigh t certificate which clearly depicts that the usage of it in any place without the required permission is liable to be punished under the law. Therefore usage of content from any other sources is strictly prohibited. To ensure that the contents which you are posting in your blog are plagiarism free â€" you can take the help of various plagiarism checking tools available online. Once you get a dupe-free result you can upload the content with ease and feel confident about the fact that you won’t be hassled by any lawsuits.There are also copyright contraventions regarding images and videos too. Whenever you are uploading any image content or video content onto your blog, make sure that you get the required permissions as most of the pictures or videos are copyrighted. Keep your blog plagiarism free so that you have a safe distance from any lawsuits.READThe Alfred Hitchcock Theory of Website DevelopmentOnline Defamation through blogsDefamation is another very serious aspect that gives rise to various court cases. In most of the situations it is seen that the bloggers publish certain catchy content defaming any product or service or even any person so that the traffic is directed to their blog. Publishing information which is not true can be considered as a criminal offence and a lawsuit can be easily filed. Thus promoting or uploading any content which is irrelevant and is directly defaming anyone should be strictly condemned. Be sure to post only that content against which you have enough proof so that if anything happens you can defend yourselves.Corporate level bloggingAmongst the various effective tools of Marketing, the element of blogging has slowly and steadily crept its way amongst the big league and now is one of the most effective tools for marketing a product, service, company or organization. The above aspect that has been discussed is equally applicable in the aspect of corporate level blogging too. Like you need to give a disclaimer policy if you wi sh to refer to any link in your blog; similarly you will have to do the same in your corporate site so that there is no chance of getting into any legal problems; same is the case with privacy invasion and defamation. You will have to make sure that while blogging on behalf of any company you don’t post any sort of content that directly or indirectly harms the reputation of any other element. Also, the other thing that should be taken into consideration is that the blog content should not reveal any kind of confidential reports or information. When found guilty the blog owner or even the whole company may face several lawsuits.Thus training is the best solution to avoid any such divergences. If each blogger knows about these simple elements and works accordingly, then there would be no chances of engaging into any sort of lawsuits anytime. Blogging is definitely one of the best modern trends but only if followed in the right path by abiding all the laws.

Legalization of medical marijuana at the federal law Essay

Why should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana can be argued for different reasons. In my case I will be arguing the medical purposes for legalizing marijuana. Marijuana has positive features, and how people prefer using marijuana. Marijuana helps individuals get through a variety of things that they suffer. Marijuana provides relief from pain, rather than other medications out there. Many individuals prefer marijuana over anything else to relax. An argument on why people using marijuana spend more time in jail than actual criminals. So you can say the greatest risk of using marijuana is the risk of arrest. Marijuana should be legalized at the federal law for medical purposes. Medical marijuana should be legalized at the federal law†¦show more content†¦I think this is important because marijuana really does help people with their health and it should be considered to be legalized by the federal law. Medical marijuana should be legalized at the federal law for medical purposes because the federal government does not like the idea of legalizing marijuana and bans the use of medical marijuana, but there is a growing number of states that feel differently, so that is why it should be legalized. Back in 2012 18 states including Washington, D.C., legalized medical marijuana. These states legalized it for people with conditions such as epilepsy, cancer, chronic pain, and etc. These states still cannot stop the federal government from imposing its own laws. These federal drug laws were unreasonably extreme. Consider the case of Chris Williams, who opened a marijuana greenhouse in Montana after the state legalized medical marijuana. Many people feel the need to legalize medical marijuana so why not legalize it? The only thing holding people back is the federal law. Medical marijuana should be legalized at the federal law for medical purposes because many people already support the legalization of medical marijuana. (Brooks, 2014). Explains that 51 percent of Minnesotans support legalization for medicinal uses, while 41 percent oppose. There is a story on an individual thatShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesconstitution allowing for the legalization of medical marijuana. However, the amount of licensed medical marijuana card holders was small until 2009, when the U.S Attorney General gave the prosecution and legalization of marijuana over to the states. After this, the number of medical marijuana licenses increased greatly in Colorado. Then, in 2012, the sale of recreational marijuana was legalized in Colorado, to all those over the age of 21, and retail stores began selling marijuana in 2014 (Monte). PublicRead MoreIncreasing Use of Medical Marijuana1600 Words   |  6 PagesIncreasing Use of Medical Marijuana Problem/Solution In this paper I am writing about the increasing use of medical marijuana. And with the states legalizing this drug for medical purposes it is a wonder why people don’t care to realize that it is still very illegal under federal law for any use. The research is based on the states of Washington and Rhode Island petitioning the federal government on reclassifying marijuana as a drug that is accepted with medical uses, saying they want to regulateRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the marijuana industry has had on the economies of the states which have legalized recreational marijuana use for consumers over the age of 21. Many predictions were made referring to the outcome of marijuana legalization, however, most predictions made did not foretell the actual outcome. The act of legalization in the state of Colorado has yielded many advantages in the field of marketing. With these advantages, however, come many disadvantages. This study wil l identify how marijuana legalizationRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1232 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The possession, use, cultivation, transportation, and sale of marijuana are illegal under the federal law in the United States. However, the federal government announced that states are allowed to pass a law to legalize marijuana for medical and recreational use, provided that they develop a system to regulate the activities. Under the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970, Marijuana is classified as a substance of schedule 1, the highest listing under the legislation. The classificationRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana For Recreational Purposes1344 Words   |  6 PagesThis is a paper pertaining to the legalization of marijuana for recreational purposes. This is a concept that states has been considering and debating in their jurisdictions. First, this paper will explain why supporters of the legislation I researched believe marijuana should be legalized. Secondly, this paper will analyze the public policy issues associated with the legalization of marijuana for the leg islation I selected, paying particular attention to newness and implementation of the legislationRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On The United States1413 Words   |  6 Pagesillegal drugs, specifically marijuana. Building on the prohibition, in 1971 President Richard Nixon officially declared a â€Å"war on drugs†, which resulted in an increased federal role in the warfare by providing the federal government with power to institute new mandatory sentencing laws. New policies, including the passing of the Controlled Substances act, which, â€Å"superseded earlier legislation and classified cannabis as having a high potential for abuse, having zero medical use, and being unsafe forRead MoreSoc 3311200 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ State and Federal Marijuana Legalization University of Ashford Soc. 331 Instructor Risa Garelick April 22, 2014 State and Federal Marijuana Legalization This paper will focus on the State and Federal marijuana legalization from three scenarios and analyze the retributive, commutative, and distributive justice of these three scenarios complex situations. First scenario will be a â€Å"recreational pot smoker, who lives in a state that recently legalized growing, possessing, sellingRead MoreEssay on Medicinal Marijuana: Miracle Drug Of the Future?1682 Words   |  7 PagesMedicinal Marijuana: Miracle Drug Of the Future? The many tales and legends surrounding the medical use of marijuana can be traced as far back to the ancient Chinese and Greek civilizations, who both believed that on top of its psychoactive capabilities, marijuana was effective in treating pain. Several thousand years later, Queen Victoria was urged by her doctor to take marijuana in order to relieve such pains as migraines or menstrual cramps. However, despite the many historicalRead MoreIt Is Time to Legalize Marijana1700 Words   |  7 Pagesand even to this very day. But as I got older I realized that people would still use drugs even though it’’s illegal. I could never understand why someone would go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drug that I am talking about is marijuana, and surprisingly it is all around us. Marijuana is even referred to in today’s media Mainstream media sources that people enjoy, like music, movies, and TV shows, do not even bother to l eave the drug out of their system. NowRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1524 Words   |  7 PagesGallos English III Honors 18th April 2016 Marijuana and Hemp Legalization in the United States What is one law that could be altered to greatly benefit the United States as well as the people who live inside it? The legalization of marijuana, the legalization of marijuana in a single state,Colorado, has provided great increases in tax revenue and decreased the number of arrests for minor drug charges gradually yet substantially in the past years. Marijuana is not a harmful drug yet is illegal while

The Effects of Parental Relationship and Parent-Child...

The Effects of Parental Relationship and Parent-Child Relationship on Adolescents’ Self-esteem in Divorce Family Abstract Past western researches have shown support on the associations of parental and parent-child relationships towards adolescents’ self-esteem (SE) in intact and divorce families. Some theories attributed that the qualities of these relationships do have influences on how adolescent evaluate themselves. Our research proposal will analyze the effects of these two relationships on adolescents’ SE by conducting a survey. Research Objective A study derives a suggestion in terms of whether the qualities of parent-child relationship and parental relationship have effects on the SE of the adolescents who live in an intact†¦show more content†¦The feeling of responsible or to blame for parents’ conflicts is likely to engender guilty feelings as well as depression and low self-esteem. The Effects of Parent-child Relationship and Parental Conflict on Adolescents’ SE in Western Countries The emphasis on pathology and individual deficiency in local studies, it has been a transformation in focus toward resilience and family dynamics in western studies (Ahrons, 1994; Emery Forehand, 1994; Hetherington Mitchell, 2003; Kelly Emery, 2003). Emery and Forehand (1994) pointed out that in the face of adversity adolescents somehow bounce back from divorce. However, it does not mean that their children are appreciating or happy of their parents’ divorce. They are also upset and distress. According to the amount of distress, most adolescents are also resilient. There is also a wide consensus that adolescents’ SE in post-divorce families is a multivariate phenomenon rather than a simple outcome of divorce (Amato, 1993; Etnery, 1999; Lengua, Wolchik, Braver, 1995). There are both risk factors and resilience factors mediating the adolescents’ post-divorce SE (Amato, 1993, 2001; Emery Forehand, 1994; Hetherington Mitchell, 2003). Recently, family relationships become as a significant resources in resilience research (Hawley, 2000). ThereShow MoreRelatedDoes Divorce Cause Low Self Esteem in Children?1554 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Divorce Cause Low Self-Esteem in Children? According to statistics, half of all American children will witness the divorce (Finley amp; Schwartz, 2007). Of all children born to married parents this year, 50% will experience the divorce of their parents before they reach their 18th birthday. The parents’ divorce marks a turning point in a child’s life. Parents usually divorce when they feel they can no longer live together because of fighting and anger or their love for each other has changedRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Children1343 Words   |  6 Pages [It is generally know that the divorce rate in the United States hovers around fifty percent, including forty percent under the age of 21. In that fifty percent one of every six adults is likely to go through a divorce twice. Not only does divorce affect the adults involved, but forty percent of children in the United States will experience parental divorce (Portnoy, 2008). Children with divorced parents struggle with negative consequences emotionally, me ntally, and academically compared to thoseRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Support On Children1949 Words   |  8 Pageschildren, teachers, and parents.† (Amato, 2000, p.1281). Despite the reports of increased risk for children of divorced families, studies show that in the long term, children from intact families are no better off than their peers whose parents divorced. Impact on Children Emotional, behavioral and Academic challenges are prevalent in children of all ages but can emerge differently depending on age as well as gender. Anger is the most common emotional impact on children of divorce. Studies show thisRead MoreDivorce Has A Huge Impact On My Life1668 Words   |  7 Pages When I was about 14 months old, my parents separated which then led to a divorce. Since I was extremely young, I cannot remember how it affected me. But once I got into grade school, I was in great knowledge that something was different. I then started to understand the affects my parents’ divorce had on me such as anger, resentment, feeling of loneliness, and prob-lems with communication. Now that I am a young adult, I still feel like I am being affected by those same problems except now I amRead MoreParenting Styles and Their Effects Essay1814 Words   |  8 PagesThe family system and parents are generally regarded as one of the most powerful forces in shaping adolescents. Parents have a great influence in the development of adolescents. The relationship of the parents largely effect the development of adolescents and is an important factor when looking at development. Well-adjusted adolescents tend to have intact families that are supportive and create a warm and lovi ng environment with constant monitoring of behavior. The review examines the currentRead MoreAdolescence And Emerging Adults : Adolescence2029 Words   |  9 Pagesbiological factors, psychological factors and social factors interact together and influence the problems faced by adolescence and emerging adults. During adolescence and emerging adulthood, various problems such as drug abuse, emotional problems, relationship problems and academic problems affect individuals due to various risk factors. Risk factors are predictors of problems that an individual may face. The risk factors do not guarantee that an individual would develop the problems; it instead predictsRead MorePsychosocial Factors That Affect Adolescent s Behavior876 Words   |  4 Pages Psychosocial Crisis in Adolescents Adolescence is an interesting stage of development and is the fifth stage of Erikson stages of development .According to Erikson adolescence is a time of searching for one’s own identity and developing a sense of autonomy. Trying on different â€Å"selves† is a common mental and behavioral activity of adolescents who are in the process of developing an internally anchored sense of who they are, rather than defining themselves by what others think or expect of themRead MoreNegative Effects of Divorce1303 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce can be one of the biggest environmental pressures put on a child with lasting affects that can lead well into their adulthood. With an increase in the number of divorces taking place each year it is starting to become a major concern for not only children and their families but also for society as a whole. Every year around one million children are affected by divorce; furthermore when looking at this year alone half of the children born wil l see their parents divorce before they reach ageRead MoreStruggling with the Idea of Divorce in Constance Matthiessens Article, Harry Potter and Divorce Among the Muggles747 Words   |  3 Pages Divorce it may be an Option! New research into the effects of divorce is slowly bringing around a more common belief that with the appropriate actions the effects divorce has on children can be minimized. Constance Matthiessen writes the article Harry Potter and Divorce Among the Muggles which helps to give a more personal view point into some of the thought processes and ways a parent may struggle with the idea of a divorce. The desire to shield children fromRead MoreThe Impact of Parental Divorce on a Child Essays1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Parental Divorce on a Child Divorce has increased dramatically since the beginning of this century. Unfortunately, the probability that a marriage will today end in a divorce is a whopping 50 percent. Also, the average duration of a marriage has decreased from 17 years in 1971 to just over 9 years in 1990 (Halonen Santrock, 1997). Halonen Santrock claim that although divorce has risen for all socioeconomic groups, those in disadvantaged circumstances have a higher incidence

The Stonewall Riots And The Lgbt Community - 1678 Words

The LGBTQ community has struggled for decades to receive equal treatment but despite many advancements, this group of people is still not treated justly. The prevalent discrimination and prejudice enacted against the LGBTQ community can be witnessed on accounts of the Stonewall Riots and laws that affect the community such as not allowing gay men to donate blood, sexual orientation in connection to the military, et cetera. The gay rights movement has united to eradicate these issues through support of the LBGTQ community and to help people understand the process, timing, advantages, dangers, and pitfalls of coming out, as well as recent local and international rulings of the Supreme Court on same-sex marriage and the methods, laws, and attitudes of having children. Hate crimes amongst the LGBTQ community have been a product stemmed from prejudices for centuries. The Stonewall Riots were the true catalyst of the Gay Rights Movement, and without it, many laws that affect LGBTQs would s till be enforced. The Stonewall Riots were a congregation of events that garnered much attention during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. As many people were fighting for equality for African-Americans and an end to racial segregation, LGBTQ people were inspired â€Å"throughout the country to organize in support of gay rights† (2). The Stonewall Riots erupted at a well-known bar, Stonewall Inn, in Greenwich Village as police were wrongfully discriminating against and harassing crowds.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of David Carter s Stonewall1184 Words   |  5 PagesArrangement The preface of David Carter’s Stonewall consists of a title page, a copyright page, a dedications page, a prologue, a table of contents, a map of Greenwich Village, and a quote by Oscar Wilde. The main text is split into three parts, with each part containing individual chapters. Following the text is an author’s note, acknowledgments, reference notes, photograph credits, a bibliography, and an index. Contents Overview The first part of Stonewall, titled â€Å" Setting the Stage,† does justRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots And Its Impact On Lgbt Society1034 Words   |  5 Pagesthe previous raids. The LGBT community had enough and decided to take a stand against the unjust acts of the New York Police Department, which would forever change LGBT history. The Stonewall Riots were preceded by several years of mistreatment, and began when a beloved gay bar was raided; this created a major impact on LGBT rights and activism. LGBT Americans have been prejudiced against long before the Stonewall Riots. Those who identified as a person in this community would be sent to mentalRead MoreThe Controversy Of The 1969 Stonewall Riots919 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1969 Stonewall Riots upon the struggle for LGBT+ rights. This potential monograph, entitled â€Å"Riots for Rights: the Debatable Influence of Stonewall,† pursues to furthermore enhance the argument concerning whether the 1969 Stonewall Riots began the public LGBT+ movement for further rights, or if the converse occurred, wherein this momentous protest instead the culminated the LGBT+ efforts of the previous years, merely pushing it further into public discussion. In the modern era, LGBT+ rights stillRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots And The Gay Rights Movement1173 Words   |  5 Pagestwenty-eighth of June, 1969 when outside the Stonewall Inn, a monumental riot began. On Christopher Street in New York City, a police raid had just taken place in the gay bar due to the selling of liquor without a license, and arrests were made to anyone without a minimum of three articles of gender appropriate clothing on in accordance to New York law. This was one of several police raids that occurred in a gay bar in such a small amount of time, and the LGBT community made their anger very clear that morningRead MoreThe Stonewall Act Of Stonewall1193 Words   |  5 PagesStonewall is known as the riot that kickstarted the movement for gay rights in America in 1969. Throughout the 1960’s the gay community was targeted for their homosexual activities because this went against the common beliefs of the people. Most of the population had the Christian belief that being interested in the same sex was against God’s will. This caused discrimination throughout the nation between members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender plus (LGBT+) community and the rest ofRead MoreStonewall Riot Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesThe stonewall riot was the most revolutionary movement in LGBT+ history.Life before the stonewall riot.Plus, the stonewall movement in action and how it played off and ended.The ripple no from the stonewall riot.Also, did you know that the stonewall riot was the first more important rebel for LGBT+ rights. Before the stonewall riot, homosexuals were completely miserable because of police and homophobes.According to Dissent Magazine â€Å"both the New York Times and the Washington Post ran pieces thatRead MoreStonewall, Hiv / Aids, And The Adoption Crises1128 Words   |  5 PagesStonewall, HIV/AIDS, and the adoption crises are the major events that raised awareness for LGBT rights and ultimately led to the Obergefell v. Hodges supreme court case victory. The idea of being gay had been under wraps since the beginning of time. In fifteen thirty, Henry VII created the Buggery Act, defining homosexuality as a crime punishable by death. Later, in eighteen eighty-five, Parliament passed an amendment brought forth by Henry Du Pre Labouchere making it legal to prosecute gay menRead MoreStonewall Riots Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stonewall riots were a series of violent, spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn. Riots, violence and discrimination are not things that the LGBT community are unfamiliar with. Their history has been painted with opposition and resiliency. As time has progressed, so has the community and their fight for equality. The community is a medley of very different people from aRead MoreWhy The Stonewall Riots Became A Turning Point For The Lesbian Community1459 Words   |  6 Pagespolice raid ed the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York’s Greenwich Village, and arrested three drag queens by using excessive force. Bar patrons and spectators, tired of police oppression, stood up and fought back. This was the first major protest based on equal rights for homosexuals. The Stonewall Riots became a turning point for the homosexual community in the United States sparking the beginning of the gay rights movement, and encouraged lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual, or LGBT, to fight forRead MoreThe American Civil Rights Movement912 Words   |  4 PagesFerguson Riots after a young, unarmed teenager named Michael Brown was shot by a police officer. Some believe that these events and the emergence of the #BlackLivesMatter campaign could be the beginning of yet another American civil rights movement. The first LGBT movement began in 1969 after the raid of one of the few gay bars in the United States, Stonewall Inn. Often, the story of this seedy nightclub is distorted or h ardly taught at all. A huge example of this is the recent movie on the riots, Stonewall

Motivation Aspects in an Organization

Question: What do Tesco believe will motivate people to work for them? Answer: Introduction Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that motivation depends on the psychological requirements of the employees. In working conditions, this is met by establishing a conducive working environment and the establishment of health and safety policies (Kremar and Hammond, 2013). For an organization to succeed, effective teamwork plays a significant role in its sustainability. In his equity theory, Adams argued that the personnel strive for fairness and justice within a firm. Employees evaluate the level of equity and impartiality employed by the employer while motivating them (Adams, 1965). For enhancing justice and fairness in employee motivation, organizations should balance the workforce's inputs to the job against the outputs. The purpose of this essay is analyzing how Tesco can make use of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Adams theory in motivating people to work for the company. What Motivates People at Work Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Application Maslow's theory suggests different individuals get driven by various factors depending on what they want to achieve from work. Tesco values every employee's idea while making strategic decisions on how to improve customer based services. According to Cianci and Gambrel, (2003), to motivate the workforce at Tesco, the management should arrange all human resource management policies in a manner that addresses the physiological needs. The company should ensure regular and avoid delays in paying the employees. Further, for Tesco to motivate the personnel, the management should create a conducive working environment and offer the necessary resources for accomplishing the set goals. The core goal of Tesco is giving every customer an excellent experience by providing improved quality, stronger range, and better services. Since only the experienced employees can assist the company in accomplishing the set goals, application of Abraham Maslow's Theory that job security and safety motivates employees should not get taken for granted. As argued by Malows, (1943), while motivating employees for Tesco, the company should establish health and safety policies that relate to the feelings and freedom from threats to one's existence in the job. Further, creating of employee based insurance and pension schemes motivates employees to work towards reaping Tesco's maximum productivity. Further, Abraham Maslow's theory argued that building firm employees relations within the company play a significant role in their motivation to carry out their tasks. Tesco should encourage teamwork amongst the employees since this can motivate their performance (Kremer and Hammond, 2013). Based on the company's critical leadership skills, Tesco trusts and colleagues and looks forward to achieving more results together. Also, people can get motivated if Tesco encourages creativity and innovation by investing in new technologies that cope with existing market trends. With teamwork and a mutual integration of employees efforts further can motivate the personnel in different departments at Tesco. Adams Equity Theory Application Adams's Equity theory emphasizes that companies should eradicate all aspects of inequity when it comes to promoting the personnel or allocating bonuses. In the circumstance that certain employees realize that they receive less pay for the same contribution as others carrying out the same duty, they feel demotivated (Churchard, 2013). Tesco should balance the input value of an employee to the firm as well as the output gained by the person after conducting their roles. For example, employees feel motivated when they get compensated for overtime working hours. Motivated employees maximize their efforts to achieving optimal productivity of a company. The management of Tesco should understand that, for the company to reap maximum returns, employees also expect a fair return for their efforts. According to Churchard, (2013) colleagues doing a similar job, having the same experience and qualification should get rewarded the same salary. Recognizing employees efforts to Tescos performance in all stalls can motivate them. According to Adams equity theory, (1965), employees feel motivated if they get given time to relax and still earn a portion in their net salaries. Further, Tesco should motivate staff by organizing recreational activities at the expense of the company. Steel and Konig, (2006) further argues that people get motivated to doing their best and ensuring organizational effectiveness if they get recognized in decision-making approaches for the company. Recognizing that one has the right skills, education, and experience in advising the business motivates the responsible employee. Conclusion Based on motivation theories, the management authorities of all companies understand that motivated staff assists the organization in improving productivity. However, different firms have different approaches for motivating their employees. While motivating employees encourage high performance, demotivated employees remain opposed to changes and policies implemented by the management. Therefore, companies should adopt effective motivation policies such as designing pay systems, employees review programs, and offer training and development opportunities to improve productivity. References Adams, J. S. (1965) Inequity in social exchange, in Berkowitz, L. (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, New York, Academic Press. Churchard, C. (2013) Job satisfaction beats bonuses in staff motivation stakes' People Management, 21 October, London, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, [online]. Available at www.cipd.co.uk/pm/ people management/b/weblog/archive/2013/10/21/job-satisfaction-beatsbonuses-in-staff-motivation-stakes.aspx (Accessed 15 August 2016). Cianci, R. and Gambrel, P. (2003) Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Does it apply to a collectivist culture', Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 14361. Kremer, W. and Hammond, C. (2013) Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business BBC World Service, 31 August, [online]. Available at www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918 (Accessed 15 August 2016). Maslow, A. (1943) A theory of human motivation, Psychological Review, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 37096. Steel, P. and Konig, C.J. (2006) Integrating theories of motivation, Academy of Management Review, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 889913.

Deppression And Teens Essays - Abnormal Psychology,

Deppression And Teens Teenage depression is a growing problem in today's society and is often a major contributing factor for a multitude of adolescent problems. The statistics about teenage runaways, alcoholism, drug problems, pregnancy, eating disorders, and suicide are alarming. Even more startling are the individual stories behind these statistics because the young people involved come from all communities, all economic levels, all home situations-anyone's family. The common link is often depression. For the individuals experiencing this crisis, the statistics become relatively meaningless. The difficult passage into adolescence and early adulthood can leave lasting scars on the lives and psyches of an entire generation of young men and women. There is growing realization that teenage depression can be life- changing, even life-threatening. (McCoy 21) Depression is a murky pool of feelings and actions scientists have been trying to understand since the days of Hippocrates, who called it a black bile. It has been called the common cold of mental illness and, like the cold, it's difficult to quantify. (Arbetter 1) If feelings of great sadness or agitation last for much more than two weeks, it may be depression. For a long time, people who were feeling depressed were told to snap out of it. According to a study done by National Institute of Mental Health, half of all Americans still view depression as a personal weakness or character flaw. Depression, however, is considered a medical disorder and can affect thoughts, feelings, physical health, and behaviors. It interferes with daily life such as school, friends, and family. Clinical depression is the most incapacitating of all chronic conditions in terms of social functioning. (Salmans 11-12) Teenagers have always been vulnerable to depression for a variety of reasons. It's a confusing time of life because a teen's body is changing along with their relationships. Teenagers constantly vacillate between strivings for independence from family and regressions to childish dependence on it. (Elkind 89) But today's teens face an additional challenge: They're growing up in a world quite different from that of their parent's youth. Adolescents today are faced with stresses that were unknown to previous generations and are dealing with them in an often self-destructive way. Contemporary society has changed the perception of teenagers. New parental lifestyles, combined with changes in the economy, often give less time and energy for parents to devote to their offspring. Society all too often views teens for what they can be instead of for who they are. Who they are becomes the identity of teenagers today. They are confronted with the ambiguity of education, the dis! solution of family, the hostile commercialism of society, and the insecurity of relationships. (McCoy 16) This identity is fragile and is threatened by fears of rejection, feelings of failure, and of being different. These young people face stress in school as well with resources dwindling and campus violence and harassment increasing. Their sexual awakening comes in the age of AIDS, when sex can kill. In summary, teens today feel less safe, less empowered and less hopeful than we did a generation ago. Depression is a common concomitant to this struggle. (McCoy 36) It strikes 5% of teens and about 2% of children under 12. One in three adolescents in the nineties is at risk for serious depression. (Stern 28) Depression is the result of a complex mix of social, psychological, physical, and environmental factors. Teens with depressed parents are two to three times more likely to develop major depression. Genetic factors play a substantial but not overwhelming role in causing depression. (Dowling 37) Some type of significant loss can be a factor in triggering teenage depression. Loss can be due to death, divorce, separation, or loss of a family member, important friend or romantic interest. Loss can also be more subtle such as the loss of childhood, of a familiar way of being, of goals through achievement, or of boundaries and guidelines. (McCoy 46-48) Gender differences are becoming apparent, with girls having more difficulty with depression. Studies show girls are three times more likely than boys to suffer depression. A university study showed a close link between depression and negative body image and girls are usually more self-conscious about their bodies than boys. (Sol! in 157) The reasons for

Word Choice Made vs. Maid

Word Choice Made vs. Maid Word Choice: Made vs. Maid The title of the 2002 Jennifer Lopez romcom Maid in Manhattan is a pun. Not a very funny pun, but then it wasn’t a very funny movie either. So at least it’s consistent on that level. And â€Å"made† and â€Å"maid† do indeed sound the same while having different meanings, so it is, undeniably, a pun. JLo is pictured here trying to think of a better title.(Poster/Film: Columbia Pictures) However, if you’ve not seen the movie and   don’t get the joke – or if you’re simply worried about mixing up the words â€Å"made† and â€Å"maid† in your writing – check out our guide to how these terms work below. Made (Past Tense of Make) The word â€Å"made† is the simple past tense and past participle form of the verb â€Å"make.† As such, we use it when something has been â€Å"produced,† â€Å"constructed,† â€Å"achieved,† or â€Å"carried out.† For example: The horn made an unpleasant sound when he blew it. They made the tower from glass and steel. We have made great progress in the last week. I made the phone call first thing this morning. We also see this term used adjectivally sometimes. Usually, this will refer to how something was made, such as in the terms â€Å"handmade† (i.e., made by hand) or â€Å"self-made† (i.e., made without help). Even in these cases, though, â€Å"made† refers to the idea of being produced or constructed. Maid (A Female Domestic Servant) The noun â€Å"maid† is a name for a female domestic servant, typically in a house or hotel. For instance, you might hear someone say: The maid comes in once a day to clean the room. You’ll see it used alone and combined with various other terms, depending on the work done by the woman or girl in question Common examples include â€Å"chambermaid,† â€Å"milkmaid,† and â€Å"handmaid.† This is because, in the past, people used â€Å"maid† as a general term for an unmarried or virginal woman, so it had a wide application. However, this is not true in modern English, so you are unlikely to see it used so widely now. Summary: Made or Maid? These words have very different meanings, so you won’t want to mix them up in your writing. Remember the following distinction: Made is the simple past tense and past participle of the verb â€Å"make.† Typically, then, it means something like â€Å"produced† or â€Å"carried out.† Maid is a noun meaning â€Å"a woman or girl who works as a domestic servant.† If you struggle to tell these words apart, keep in mind that â€Å"made† is only one letter away from â€Å"make.† So if you can remember â€Å"make,† you should be able to remember what â€Å"made† means, too. And if you need any more help with the spelling in a document, we’re always here to help.

Software Application life-cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Application life-cycle - Research Paper Example It also depends upon the time and budget constraints of which of the life-cycle model will be appropriate to adapt. This paper will introduce and compare two of the life cycle models; the waterfall and the agile model. The models will be compared and analyzed in the context of the mobile software development project. This is to propose the most adequate model for a mobile software development project (Schach, 2010). Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Models The waterfall life cycle model is a sequential process model. It is a step-by-step development model starting from the initial design phase and ending to the completion phase (the maintenance phase) (Schach, 2010, p. 53). The phases of the model are interdependent on each other as the next phase begins only when the previous phase is ideally completed. Adapting waterfall model for the mobile software development project could be worth it as it may include the detailed stages of requirements analysis, design, and implementation, gi ving ideal completion to the mobile software (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Contrary to the waterfall model is the iterative incremental life cycle model, which is based on correspondence and integration (Bittner & Spence, 2006, p. 143). The iteration model leads a mobile project incrementally, which means that it has more compatibility that the waterfall method to adapt changes in the initial requirements’ stage. It is a reversible model looped to the adjusting and modifying code source requirements (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall life cycle model is a more detailed and apprehensive model for mobile software development (Mall, 2009). It is a more comprehensive model than iteration to complete a mobile development project. However, it could be more expensive than the iteration model as it is less flexible to adapt changes. The rigidity of the model is what makes it a more complex model to adapt (Schach, 2010). Iterative incremental model is more flexible as compare to the waterfa ll model. More specifically, for the short term mobile projects, iteration model is supple to adapt. The mobile software development often requires changes in each development stage (Schach, 2010). Likewise, there are feedback inputs from stakeholders or users that could come at the beginning or at mid or ending stages of design and implementation. This requires incorporation of the design changes or requirements changes, on where iterative incremental model is more effective to adjust (Schach, 2010). Due to sequential rigidity, the waterfall life cycle model gives less space to the mobile clients. It gives less room to the customers to assert their initial requirements (Schach, 2010). On the other side, iterative incremental model gives much choice to users to put on their initial requirements. As the iterative model affords the low cost on changes or modification so it allows users to give major demands or requirements. This is how iteration model is more market oriented than wate rfall. It is a model which is customer focused than waterfall model (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall lifecycle model can take more time than iteration model to complete a mobile software project (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Comparatively the waterfall model requires larger set of data than iteration in proceeding and completing a project. As each phase is more detailed and more apprehensive so it makes the waterfall model a time consuming model (Mall, 2009). Apart from all, iterative increme

Learning to swim at the age of 15 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning to swim at the age of 15 - Essay Example It was on a rampage to literally swallow me and end the basis of my life. Terrified, I buried my sharp, long nails into the back of my friend’s neck attempting to hold on, but when we thumped into the wet surface, the vicious coerce tore me away and inundated me into the deep, bleak, blue water. At that instant, a stream spurted rapidly up my nose and I began to dread. In the aspiration of reaching the surface, I hastily kicked my legs like a tantrum-throwing two-year infant. Regrettably, every time my head dashed up, the water immediately hauled me back down. I then had nothing else to do but wait for all I could. Seconds later, I caught a glimpse of my friend pacing towards my course. He withdrew me from the aqueous tank and expressed regret for what had happened by then. Then, I confessed that I was fifteen years old and did not know how to swim. I had made up my mind to learn how to swim. Period. Clock struck two o’clock – it was Thursday afternoon, my swim classes at the YMCA commenced. Pacing towards the building, I swiftly halted when I saw my classmates there. It shocked me in entirety. Neither of the swim class attendees looked more than eight years old nor was their physique disproportional with their age group. I nonchalantly entered the water, whilst attempting to blend in, but within seconds, the seven elf-sized heads turned to look at me. I did not know what to do at that point in time. For all the goodness that could have happened then, the instructor arrived and started the class. We embarked by learning how to cup our hands and rotate our arms. She even described the basis of our arms pretending to be made like the bus’ wheels that go â€Å"round and round.† Afterwards, she demonstrated to us as to how to place our bodies before diving as she held her hands above her head, palms touching, and her arms touched her ears all this while. She also gave us kicking advice in order to move quicker. She told us to do small quick kicks without

Comparison of Solar and Wind Energy Technologies

Comparison of Solar and Wind Energy Technologies Contents (Jump to) CHAPTER 3 Solar and wind technologies comparison 3.1 Economics of technologies 3.1.1 Cost of photovoltaic Cells 3.1.1 Economics of wind turbines 3.2 Efficiency of technologies 3.3 Advantages and disadvantages CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1Results 4.2Discussion CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1Conclusions 5.2Recommendation REFERENCES CHAPTER 2 Solar and Wind Technologies Comparison 3.1 Economics of technologies Installed cost and performance levels of renewable energy plants are similar around the world, although no single figure can quantify the precise cost and performance of any renewable technology. The location where the technology is installed plays a major role in providing the energy resource for renewable energy technologies. Solar installations close to the equator have more energy production capability. Wind energy variations are more extreme, windiest regions are favorable to install wind turbines that generates significant amount of electrical energy such as New Zealand and United Kingdom (Freris and Infield, 2008). Table 3.1 shows the main parameters related to renewable energy technologies and conventional plant. It also indicates the three major components of energy generation cost which are: (1) the cost of the plant, land acquisition, grid connection and initial finance cost, (2) operation and maintenance cost (OM) and finally fuel cost. From the table it is noticeable that most of the renewable energy technologies have zero fuel cost and it varies in conventional plant. Table 3.1: Comparison of cost and performance data for renewable energy and conventional plant (Freris and Infield, 2008) Levelized cost method is the main traditional approach used to compare cost generating electricity from various energy technologies. The levelized cost of energy technologies is measured as it is shown in Equation 3.1: LOCE = (Eq. 3.1) The LCOE method is concept from reality and is used as a ranking tool to measure the cost-effectiveness of various energy generation technologies. Where CF is the capacity factor; OC is the overnight construction cost; CRF is the capital recovery factor; OMC is the series of annualized operation and maintenance costs; FC is the series of annualized fuel costs; r is the discount rate and T is the economic life of the plant. 3.1.1 Cost of photovoltaic Cells Solar radiation is a finite and free source of energy but despite that, there is cost for utilizing this form of energy. The calculation of the cost of solar energy can be made in the following manner. Assuming the solar system would have a specific lifetime of T years at initial cost of C0 Dollar. The amount of energy the system can generate during the lifetime of the system is Q (Goswami et al., 2000). The unite cost of energy, neglecting the interest charges, is equal to the cost of the installation divided by the total energy generated during the lifetime as it is shown in Equations 3.2: Cs = (Eq. 3.2) For example if the solar energy collector cost $200/m2 , has an expected life of 20 years, and is installed in a location where the mean annual horizontal surface irradiance is 300 W/m2 averaged over 24 hours, the cost of solar energy Cs will be equal to: = = $0.00380/Kw.hr However it is clear that no solar energy collector can perform at 100% efficiency. According to thermodynamic laws only a fraction of incident energy can be transformed into useful heat. Assuming the efficiency of the collector ÆÅ ¾c is 40 percent, the cost of solar will be given by Equation 3.2: Cs = = $0.00951/Kw.hr (Eq. 3.3) The efficiency of photovoltaic device plays a major role in the cost of the technology as we notice from the previous equation along with the optic of the device. The price of photovoltaic materials is usually expressed on a per-unit-area basis but the units are often sold based on cost per watt that is generated under peak solar illumination conditions. Equation 3.4 is used to convert the cost per square meter to cost per watt for photovoltaic technologies: $/WP = (Eq. 3.4) The return on investment made for specific equipment or material used for the photovoltaic system also is estimated. The payback time of PV unite of cost $/m2, is associated with the efficiency of the system, the installation location and the price of at which electricity generated is sold on the market $/kWh. Equation 3.5 is used to estimate the payback time which is: Payback time = (Eq. 3.5) The generate a significant quantity of energy in commercial application, several elements should be mainly considered such as the average illumination, cost of land, batteries, support structure and the life time of the PV unite. Balance of system (BOS) cost must be considered and it includes the mounting, wiring, operation cost and maintenance cost. The cost of electricity generated by solar cells can be calculated using Equation 3.6a and Figure 3.1 illustrate breakdown of the cost in PV system. Figure 3.1: PV Solar System Cost Breakdown (Source: the Rocky Mountain Institute) (Eq. 3.6a) Inserting the relevant terms, in Equation 3.6a and it becomes: = (Eq. 3.6b) The amortization rate is estimated from the real discount rate of i, and a PV lifetime, N, as shown in Equation 3.7: Amortization = (Eq. 3.7) The global annual production of solar energy technologies is estimated to be at approximately 12,400 MW in year 2007. Annual growth of PV production remains to be at 40-50% and according to Earth Policy Institute, the photovoltaic industry has grown by an average of 48% each year since 2002. This rapid growth of PV production made the solar energy became the world fastest-growing renewable energy resource (Henry and Healey, 2007). The wide variety of photovoltaic panel’s technologies competing in different energy markets was a major role in the rapid growth of solar energy technologies in a short period of time. For instance, large–scale photovoltaic panels and concentrated solar power technologies are competing with other technologies that seek to serve the centralized grid. Whereby on the other hand, small-scale solar systems compete with other types of technologies such as; diesel generation sets and off-grid wind turbines (Timilsinaa et al., 2012). Along with the variety of PV technologies, with the advancement of science and technology sector, the efficiency and power generation capacity of solar technologies have been improved to generate electricity that can compete with the conventional sources power plants. Photovoltaic technologies have been experiencing, the price of PV models haven been steadily decreasing during the past few decades. A lot of elements such as; Technology improvement using lower cost feedstock’s, efficiency increases, thinner solar cells, reduction in technical losses and increased manufacturing through had played a major role in decreasing the cost of PV modules throughout the years (Sioshansi, 2011). Figure 3.2 shows the declination in photovoltaic panel’s price per watt from 1978 until 2012. Figure 3.2: Historical photovoltaic module price per watt from 1978-2012 (Source: Navigant Consulting, 2008) From the Figure3.2, the price of PV modules were at it maximum in 1976 with 75$ per watt but in year 1978 the price drop to reach almost 55$ per watt. PV modules price kept decrease with the time passage and between 1986 and 1988 the price of PV module reached below the 10$ per watt. The declination of PV modules cost did not stop and between years 2010 and 2012 the price reached the lowest rate which was 1$ per watt. Photovoltaic technology system have no moving parts, this property reduces the cost of PV modules significantly along with the minimum operation and maintenance costs (mainly to remove the dirt and dust off the module) which is around 0.5% of the capital investment per year. The cost of PV unit presently is 60% of the total cost of PV system cost and the remaining 40% is covered by the structures, inverters and cabling costs (Aswathanarayana et al., 2010). References Henry M. and Healey P.E (2007): Economics of Solar, Cogeneration Distributed Generation Journal, vol. (22), no. (3), pp. 35-49, DOI: 10.1080/15453660709509122. Timilsinaa, G. R. Kurdgelashvili, L. and Narbel, P. A. (2012): Solar energy: Markets, economics and policies, vol. (12), pp. 449-465. Print Book: Freris, L and Infield, D. (2008): Renewable energy: In power systems, United Kingdom: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Print Book: Goswami, Y. Kreith, F. and Kreider, J. F. (2000): Second Edition: Principle of Solar Engineering, New York, US: Taylor and Francis Group Print Book: Sioshansi, F. P. (2011): Energy, sustainability and the environment: Technology, incentives, behavior. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Inc.

Red Faction :: essays research papers

*************************** 29. Refuse Disposal Plant *************************** Open the elevator door by hitting the button to the right. Head forward, and Gryphon will run up ahead to the incinerator controls. ======================================================================= = Hendrix: This is Ultor's main trash disposal facility. = ======================================================================= ======================================================================= = Hendrix: That's an Ultor Personnel Suppression combot. I didn't = = know they had any on Mars! = ======================================================================= ======================================================================= = Hendrix: I can't see Orion's group on my monitors anymore. = ======================================================================= While Gryphon takes the first left, go forward up the ramp and through the door. Climb the ladder up ahead, then climb a second ladder to get to the roof. You'll be shot at by the combat as you climb, but just ignore it and get up there. He'll have a tough time hurting you while you're up here. Follow the instructions and you shouldn't lose a single point of health, despite the holes he might create with his rockets. As you look around the outer edge of the massive roof, you'll see several groups of ammo crates. Make your way around the outer edge as you make your way to each one to find ammo, medkits, armor, and a rocket launcher. Make sure to snuggle up to each crate and jump on top of it to make sure you get every last piece of ammo and equipment that you can. Once you're done, equip the rocket launcher and climb back down using a ladder away from the one you climbed up. The combot should be shooting at you, so begin making your way to the lower level door. Most importantly, keep moving and take some shots at the combot with the rocket launcher while you can. Keep taking shots at the combot and luring him out the large door on the ground floor until Hendrix cuts in. ======================================================================= = Hendrix: There's a disposal pit at the lowest point of this level. = ======================================================================= ======================================================================= = Hendrix: Try to lure the bot out onto the pit's covering, then open = = the doors from the control room. = ======================================================================= At this point, you've damaged the combot enough and he's really ticked off. Now just turn around and run back to the disposal pit. Once the combot approaches the last corridor leading to the pit's covering, run to the right and climb the ladder to the control room (where Gryphon is cowering in fear). The combot will be unloading everything he's got at you, but ignore it and quickly hit the right button to open the pit, then hit the left button to turn on the ceiling fan to blow the combot down into it. Rather than waiting and watching to make sure it happens,

Coconut Oil

Coconut oil is a popular nutritional oil derived from the flesh of matured coconuts. Coconuts have long been a primary source of food throughout the tropics and their many industrial and cosmetic applications have made them a valuable commodity. Coconut oil is heat stable, making it suitable for cooking at high temperatures, it’s slow to oxidize, resists rancidity and has a shelf life of approximately two years or more (virgin coco creme created through a wet-milling process has an indefinite shelf life). Coconut oil’s compositionCoconuts have a variety of health benefits due to their fibre and nutritional content, but it’s the oil that makes them a remarkable source of food and medicine. Coconut oil has definitely earned its reputation as the healthiest oil in the world despite the fact that its high saturated fat content was once falsely claimed to be unhealthy. What makes coconut oil different? Oils and fats are composed of molecules known as fatty acids. They are classified either according to saturation or based on molecular length and size of the carbon chain within each fatty acid.Monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are an example of the first class. The second classification is based on molecular size or length of the fatty acid’s carbon chain. Long chains of carbon atoms consist of each fatty acid with an attached hydrogen atom. There are short chain fatty acids known as SCFA, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) such as coconut oil and long chain fatty acids (LCFA). Whether unsaturated or saturated, the majority of fats and oils in our diet are composed of long chain fatty acids.In fact, a majority of the fatty acids commonly consumed are LCFA. Coconut oil is predominantly medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) and the effects of the MCFA in coconut oil are distinctly different from the LCFA found in other foods. In fact, the saturated and unsaturated fat in milk, eggs, meat and even in plants and most vegetable oils are made of LCFA. Why is this relevant? It’s important because our bodies respond and metabolize each fatty acid differently. The MCFA found in coconut oil makes it special because these fatty acids don’t have a negative effect on cholesterol.In fact, they’re known to lower the risk of heart disease and atherosclerosis. There are only few dietary sources of MCFA, and one of the best sources by far is coconut oil. The liver and gall bladder don’t need to digest and emulsify MCFA, resulting in instant energy, increased metabolic rate and subsequently greater heat production and increased circulation. Anyone with an impaired fat digestion or removed gallbladder will benefit from coconut oil as this oil is  easily digested. Lauric acid Many of coconut oil’s health benefits are attributed to its lauric acid.Lauric acid in the body is converted into monolaurin, a compound that’s highly toxic to viruses, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms because of its ability to disrupt their lipid membranes and virtually destroy them. Monolaurin is effective for treating candida albicans, fungal infections and athlete’s foot. It also targets bacterial infections and viruses like measles, influenza, hepatitis C and even HIV—researchers from the Philippines are studying the effectiveness of lauric acid against HIV/AIDS due to its strong antiviral properties.Moreover, lauric acid is non-toxic, making it a better alternative to modern drugs prescribed for viruses, fungal and bacterial infections. Without lauric acid, monolaurin cannot be produced by the body. Breast milk is the only other source of lauric acid, which could explain the lower incidence of infections among breast-fed infants. Regular consumption of coconut oil has also been found to boost immunity and reduce the frequency of sickness. The health benefits of coconut oilHair care  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The unique fatty acids in coconut oil have a small molecular structure and pas s freely into the hair’s cell membrane, allowing the oil to penetrate the hair’s shaft, which brings out the deep conditioning from within as compared to other conditioners that work from the outside in. Massaging the oil into the scalp can offer relief from dandruff. Dandruff is caused by dry skin or an internal fungal condition that reached the scalp. With regular use, coconut oil can kill the fungus and eliminate dandruff issues. For  deep hair conditioning, a teaspoon or two on damp hair left for as long as possible can give a nice shine.Leave it on overnight and see startling results. Skin care  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Coconut oil is an excellent skin conditioner that contains medium-chain triglycerides, naturally occurring fats which deeply penetrate, moisturize and act as a protective barrier against environmental and free radical damage. The oil also provides sun protection by screening 20 per cent of ultraviolet exposure. Coconut oil is rich in antioxidants and the natur al microbial and antibacterial agents caphrylic and capric acids. Its ability to smooth the skin while infusing with antioxidants make it a perfect anti-aging moisturizer.Moreover, it contains vitamin E, another antioxidant popular for hastening the recovery of skin abrasions, burns and other trauma. Weight loss  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Medium-chain fatty acids found in coconut oil can speed up metabolism faster than long-chain fatty acids because they are easily digested and converted into energy. In fact, a  study reported  medium-chain fatty acids to be three times more effective in raising metabolism than long-chain fatty acids, leading researchers to conclude that effective weight loss can be achieved by replacing long-chain fatty acids with medium-chain fatty acids.Natural remedy for pneumonia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The American College of Chest Physicians found that coconut oil offers pneumonia patients faster and more complete relief from symptoms. This could be a welcome development for many a s this means a shortened hospital stay, lower medical expenses and lower exposure for the patient to a hospital environment. Moreover, it’s an  inexpensive addition to traditional antibiotics  and has no known side effects.Lowers risk of diabetes, heart disease and improves cholesterol levels  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In a study of 20 to 40-year-old women, half were instructed to take a 30 ml soybean oil supplement while the other half were instructed to take a 30 ml coconut oil supplement while maintaining a moderate exercise routine over a 12-week period. Results showed that although both groups of women had a decrease in body mass index (BMI), only the women who were taking coconut oil showed a notable decrease in waist circumference, significantly lowering the risk of conditions like type II diabetes and heart disease.Furthermore, the study also showed that the subjects who experienced an improvement in their cholesterol profile along with higher HDL levels and higher HDL to LDL ra tio were the ones taking coconut oil. Those taking soybean oil did not receive the  same benefits  but reflected a higher total cholesterol as well as higher LDL cholesterol lower, lower HDL cholesterol and a lower HDL to LDL ratio. Assists in bone health and chronic fatigue  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Research has found coconut oil to help prevent osteoporosis because it helps in the nutrient absorption of minerals such as calcium and magnesium – important minerals that fight steoporosis. Moreover, the medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil  produce energy  rather than body fat, thereby improving metabolism and preventing fatigue. The oil has also been shown to destroy organisms in the body that sap its strength and contribute to the condition of fatigue. Alzheimer’s Disease  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dr. Mary Newport, after failing to get treatment for her husband’s dementia, discovered that coconut oil contained natural medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). The same substance was used in a drug trial her husband failed to qualify for.So, she gave her husband 1 tbsp. of coconut oil twice a day for a month and a half and saw him recover almost completely. Other benefits: †¢ Protects against cancer, HIV and other infectious diseases †¢ Kills bacteria and parasites like tapeworm and liver flukes †¢ Eases acid reflux and aids in proper bowel function †¢ Lowers incidence of hemorrhoids †¢ Heals and relieves intestinal problems †¢ Soothes earaches †¢ Deals with symptoms connected with prostate enlargement †¢ Strengthens the liver and protects against degeneration Reduces incidence of epileptic seizures †¢ Reduces joint and muscle inflammation †¢ Eases neuropathies and itching from diabetes. How much oil should be taken? According to researchers, an adult should consume around 3 1/2 tbsp. of coconut oil daily: an amount equal to the MCFA a nursing infant would receive in one day. The benefits of coconut oil are derived fr om the nutritional value of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA’s), and the best comparison in nature as to the percentage of MCFA consumed in a diet is in human breast milk.For those who aren’t used to having coconut oil in their diet, it’s best to start out with a smaller amount and see how the body reacts before following the recommended amount. Does coconut oil have any adverse side effects? Coconut oil has no known side effects. However, if you’re used to a low-fat diet, a common adverse reaction would be diarrhea. It’s probably not advisable to start with a large amount right away. Spreading the recommended amount over the course of one day and building up to a larger dose can help to avoid unwanted effects.In coconut-producing countries, it’s considered beneficial for pregnant and lactating women to enjoy coconut oil; Westerners used to a low-fat diet, however, are cautioned not to experiment with coconut oil while pregnant if the body is not used to it. If you’ve been consuming coconut oil regularly with no adverse reactions, there’s no reason to discontinue consumption. Read more at  http://www. themindfulword. org/2012/coconut-oil-health-benefits/#XF4RhFfeAcAAu3hx. 99 Coconut Oil Coconut oil is a popular nutritional oil derived from the flesh of matured coconuts. Coconuts have long been a primary source of food throughout the tropics and their many industrial and cosmetic applications have made them a valuable commodity. Coconut oil is heat stable, making it suitable for cooking at high temperatures, it’s slow to oxidize, resists rancidity and has a shelf life of approximately two years or more (virgin coco creme created through a wet-milling process has an indefinite shelf life). Coconut oil’s compositionCoconuts have a variety of health benefits due to their fibre and nutritional content, but it’s the oil that makes them a remarkable source of food and medicine. Coconut oil has definitely earned its reputation as the healthiest oil in the world despite the fact that its high saturated fat content was once falsely claimed to be unhealthy. What makes coconut oil different? Oils and fats are composed of molecules known as fatty acids. They are classified either according to saturation or based on molecular length and size of the carbon chain within each fatty acid.Monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are an example of the first class. The second classification is based on molecular size or length of the fatty acid’s carbon chain. Long chains of carbon atoms consist of each fatty acid with an attached hydrogen atom. There are short chain fatty acids known as SCFA, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) such as coconut oil and long chain fatty acids (LCFA). Whether unsaturated or saturated, the majority of fats and oils in our diet are composed of long chain fatty acids.In fact, a majority of the fatty acids commonly consumed are LCFA. Coconut oil is predominantly medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) and the effects of the MCFA in coconut oil are distinctly different from the LCFA found in other foods. In fact, the saturated and unsaturated fat in milk, eggs, meat and even in plants and most vegetable oils are made of LCFA. Why is this relevant? It’s important because our bodies respond and metabolize each fatty acid differently. The MCFA found in coconut oil makes it special because these fatty acids don’t have a negative effect on cholesterol.In fact, they’re known to lower the risk of heart disease and atherosclerosis. There are only few dietary sources of MCFA, and one of the best sources by far is coconut oil. The liver and gall bladder don’t need to digest and emulsify MCFA, resulting in instant energy, increased metabolic rate and subsequently greater heat production and increased circulation. Anyone with an impaired fat digestion or removed gallbladder will benefit from coconut oil as this oil is  easily digested. Lauric acid Many of coconut oil’s health benefits are attributed to its lauric acid.Lauric acid in the body is converted into monolaurin, a compound that’s highly toxic to viruses, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms because of its ability to disrupt their lipid membranes and virtually destroy them. Monolaurin is effective for treating candida albicans, fungal infections and athlete’s foot. It also targets bacterial infections and viruses like measles, influenza, hepatitis C and even HIV—researchers from the Philippines are studying the effectiveness of lauric acid against HIV/AIDS due to its strong antiviral properties.Moreover, lauric acid is non-toxic, making it a better alternative to modern drugs prescribed for viruses, fungal and bacterial infections. Without lauric acid, monolaurin cannot be produced by the body. Breast milk is the only other source of lauric acid, which could explain the lower incidence of infections among breast-fed infants. Regular consumption of coconut oil has also been found to boost immunity and reduce the frequency of sickness. The health benefits of coconut oilHair care  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The unique fatty acids in coconut oil have a small molecular structure and pas s freely into the hair’s cell membrane, allowing the oil to penetrate the hair’s shaft, which brings out the deep conditioning from within as compared to other conditioners that work from the outside in. Massaging the oil into the scalp can offer relief from dandruff. Dandruff is caused by dry skin or an internal fungal condition that reached the scalp. With regular use, coconut oil can kill the fungus and eliminate dandruff issues. For  deep hair conditioning, a teaspoon or two on damp hair left for as long as possible can give a nice shine.Leave it on overnight and see startling results. Skin care  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Coconut oil is an excellent skin conditioner that contains medium-chain triglycerides, naturally occurring fats which deeply penetrate, moisturize and act as a protective barrier against environmental and free radical damage. The oil also provides sun protection by screening 20 per cent of ultraviolet exposure. Coconut oil is rich in antioxidants and the natur al microbial and antibacterial agents caphrylic and capric acids. Its ability to smooth the skin while infusing with antioxidants make it a perfect anti-aging moisturizer.Moreover, it contains vitamin E, another antioxidant popular for hastening the recovery of skin abrasions, burns and other trauma. Weight loss  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Medium-chain fatty acids found in coconut oil can speed up metabolism faster than long-chain fatty acids because they are easily digested and converted into energy. In fact, a  study reported  medium-chain fatty acids to be three times more effective in raising metabolism than long-chain fatty acids, leading researchers to conclude that effective weight loss can be achieved by replacing long-chain fatty acids with medium-chain fatty acids.Natural remedy for pneumonia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The American College of Chest Physicians found that coconut oil offers pneumonia patients faster and more complete relief from symptoms. This could be a welcome development for many a s this means a shortened hospital stay, lower medical expenses and lower exposure for the patient to a hospital environment. Moreover, it’s an  inexpensive addition to traditional antibiotics  and has no known side effects.Lowers risk of diabetes, heart disease and improves cholesterol levels  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In a study of 20 to 40-year-old women, half were instructed to take a 30 ml soybean oil supplement while the other half were instructed to take a 30 ml coconut oil supplement while maintaining a moderate exercise routine over a 12-week period. Results showed that although both groups of women had a decrease in body mass index (BMI), only the women who were taking coconut oil showed a notable decrease in waist circumference, significantly lowering the risk of conditions like type II diabetes and heart disease.Furthermore, the study also showed that the subjects who experienced an improvement in their cholesterol profile along with higher HDL levels and higher HDL to LDL ra tio were the ones taking coconut oil. Those taking soybean oil did not receive the  same benefits  but reflected a higher total cholesterol as well as higher LDL cholesterol lower, lower HDL cholesterol and a lower HDL to LDL ratio. Assists in bone health and chronic fatigue  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Research has found coconut oil to help prevent osteoporosis because it helps in the nutrient absorption of minerals such as calcium and magnesium – important minerals that fight steoporosis. Moreover, the medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil  produce energy  rather than body fat, thereby improving metabolism and preventing fatigue. The oil has also been shown to destroy organisms in the body that sap its strength and contribute to the condition of fatigue. Alzheimer’s Disease  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dr. Mary Newport, after failing to get treatment for her husband’s dementia, discovered that coconut oil contained natural medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). The same substance was used in a drug trial her husband failed to qualify for.So, she gave her husband 1 tbsp. of coconut oil twice a day for a month and a half and saw him recover almost completely. Other benefits: †¢ Protects against cancer, HIV and other infectious diseases †¢ Kills bacteria and parasites like tapeworm and liver flukes †¢ Eases acid reflux and aids in proper bowel function †¢ Lowers incidence of hemorrhoids †¢ Heals and relieves intestinal problems †¢ Soothes earaches †¢ Deals with symptoms connected with prostate enlargement †¢ Strengthens the liver and protects against degeneration Reduces incidence of epileptic seizures †¢ Reduces joint and muscle inflammation †¢ Eases neuropathies and itching from diabetes. How much oil should be taken? According to researchers, an adult should consume around 3 1/2 tbsp. of coconut oil daily: an amount equal to the MCFA a nursing infant would receive in one day. The benefits of coconut oil are derived fr om the nutritional value of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA’s), and the best comparison in nature as to the percentage of MCFA consumed in a diet is in human breast milk.For those who aren’t used to having coconut oil in their diet, it’s best to start out with a smaller amount and see how the body reacts before following the recommended amount. Does coconut oil have any adverse side effects? Coconut oil has no known side effects. However, if you’re used to a low-fat diet, a common adverse reaction would be diarrhea. It’s probably not advisable to start with a large amount right away. Spreading the recommended amount over the course of one day and building up to a larger dose can help to avoid unwanted effects.In coconut-producing countries, it’s considered beneficial for pregnant and lactating women to enjoy coconut oil; Westerners used to a low-fat diet, however, are cautioned not to experiment with coconut oil while pregnant if the body is not used to it. If you’ve been consuming coconut oil regularly with no adverse reactions, there’s no reason to discontinue consumption. Read more at  http://www. themindfulword. org/2012/coconut-oil-health-benefits/#XF4RhFfeAcAAu3hx. 99

The History of the English Language

The story of English—from its start in a jumble of West Germanic dialects to its role today as a global language—is both fascinating and complex. This timeline offers a glimpse at some of the key events that helped to shape the English language over the past 1,500 years. To learn more about the ways that English evolved in Britain and then spread around the world, check out The History of English in 10 Minutes, an amusing video produced by the Open University. The Prehistory of English The ultimate origins of English lie in Indo-European, a family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and other parts of Asia. Because little is known about ancient Indo-European (which may have been spoken as long ago as 3,000 B.C.), well begin our survey in Britain in the first century A.D. 43—The Romans invade Britain, beginning 400 years of control over much of the island.410—The Goths (speakers of a now extinct East Germanic language) sack Rome. The first Germanic tribes arrive in Britain.Early 5th century—With the collapse of the empire, Romans withdraw from Britain. Britons are attacked by the Picts and by Scots from Ireland. Angles, Saxons, and other German settlers arrive in Britain to assist the Britons and claim territory.5th-6th centuries—Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Frisians) speaking West Germanic dialects settle most of Britain. Celts retreat to distant areas of Britain: Ireland, Scotland, Wales. 500-1100: The Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period The conquest of the Celtic population in Britain by speakers of West Germanic dialects (primarily Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) eventually determined many of the essential characteristics of the English language. (The Celtic influence on English survives for the most part only in place names—London, Dover, Avon, York.) Over time the dialects of the various invaders merged, giving rise to what we now call Old English. Late 6th century—Ethelbert, the King of Kent, is baptized. He is the first English king to convert to Christianity.7th century—Rise of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex; the Saxon kingdoms of Essex and Middlesex; the Angle kingdoms of Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria. St. Augustine and Irish missionaries convert Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, introducing new religious words borrowed from Latin and Greek. Latin speakers begin referring to the country as Anglia and later as Englaland.673—Birth of the Venerable Bede, the monk who composed (in Latin) The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (c. 731), a key source of information about Anglo Saxon settlement.700—Approximate date of the earliest manuscript records of Old English.Late 8th century—Scandinavians begin to settle in Britain and Ireland; Danes settle in parts of Ireland.Early 9th century—Egbert of Wessex incorporates Cornwall into his kingdom and is recognized as overlord of the seve n kingdoms of the Angles and Saxons (the Heptarchy): England begins to emerge.Mid 9th century—Danes raid England, occupy Northumbria, and establish a kingdom at York. Danish begins to influence English.Late 9th century—King Alfred of Wessex (Alfred the Great) leads the Anglo-Saxons to victory over the Vikings, translates Latin works into English and establishes the writing of prose in English. He uses the English language to foster a sense of national identity. England is divided into a kingdom ruled by the Anglo-Saxons (under Alfred) and another ruled by the Scandinavians.10th century—English and Danes mix fairly peacefully, and many Scandinavian (or Old Norse) loanwords enter the language, including such common words as sister, wish, skin, and die.1000—Approximate date of the only surviving manuscript of the Old English epic poem Beowulf, composed by an anonymous poet between the 8th century and the early 11th century.Early 11th century—Danes att ack England, and the English king (Ethelred the Unready) escapes to Normandy. The Battle of Maldon becomes the subject of one of the few surviving poems in Old English. The Danish king (Canute) rules over England and encourages the growth of Anglo-Saxon culture and literature.Mid 11th century—Edward the Confessor, King of England who was raised in Normandy, names William, Duke of Normandy, as his heir.1066—The Norman Invasion: King Harold is killed at the Battle of Hastings, and William of Normandy is crowned King of England. Over succeeding decades, Norman French becomes the language of the courts and of the upper classes; English remains the language of the majority. Latin is used in churches and schools. For the next century, English, for all practical purposes, is no longer a written language. 1100-1500: The Middle English Period The Middle English period saw the breakdown of the inflectional system of Old English and the expansion of vocabulary with many borrowings from French and Latin. 1150—Approximate date of the earliest surviving texts in Middle English.1171—Henry II declares himself overlord of Ireland, introducing Norman French and English to the country. About this time the University of Oxford is founded.1204—King John loses control of the Duchy of Normandy and other French lands; England is now the only home of the Norman French/English.1209—The University of Cambridge is formed by scholars from Oxford.1215—King John signs the Magna Carta (Great Charter), a critical document in the long historical process leading to the rule of constitutional law in the English-speaking world.1258—King Henry III is forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford, which establish a Privy Council to oversee the administration of the government. These documents, though annulled a few years later, are generally regarded as Englands first written constitution.Late 13th century—Under Edward I, royal authority is consolidated in England a nd Wales. English becomes the dominant language of all classes.Mid to late 14th century—The Hundred Years War between England and France leads to the loss of almost all of Englands French possessions. The Black Death kills roughly one-third of Englands population. Geoffrey Chaucer composes The Canterbury Tales in Middle English. English becomes the official language of the law courts and replaces Latin as the medium of instruction at most schools. John Wycliffes English translation of the Latin Bible is published. The Great Vowel Shift begins, marking the loss of the so-called pure vowel sounds (which are still found in many continental languages) and the loss of the phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds.1362—The Statute of Pleading makes English the official language in England. Parliament is opened with its first speech delivered in English.1399 At his coronation, King Henry IV becomes the first English monarch to deliver a speech in English.Late 15th century—William Caxton brings to Westminster (from the Rhineland) the first printing press and publishes Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. Literacy rates increase significantly, and printers begin to standardize English spelling. The monk Galfridus Grammaticus (also known as Geoffrey the Grammarian) publishes Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae, the first English-to-Latin wordbook. 1500 to the Present: The  Modern English  Period Distinctions are commonly drawn between the Early Modern Period (1500-1800) and Late Modern English (1800 to the present). During the period of Modern English, British exploration, colonization, and overseas trade hastened the acquisition of  loanwords  from countless other languages and fostered the development of new varieties of English (World English), each with its own nuances of  vocabulary,  grammar, and  pronunciation. Since the middle of the 20th century, the expansion of North American business and media around the world has led to the emergence of  Global English  as a  lingua franca. Early 16th century—The first English settlements are made in North America. William Tyndales English translation of the Bible is published. Many Greek and Latin  borrowings  enter English.1542—In his  Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge, Andrew Boorde illustrates regional  dialects.1549—The first version of the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England is published.1553—Thomas Wilson publishes  The Art of Rhetorique, one of the first works on  logic  and  rhetoric  in English.1577—Henry Peacham publishes  The Garden of Eloquence, a treatise on rhetoric.1586—The first  grammar  of English—William Bullokars  Pamphlet for Grammar—is published.1588—Elizabeth I begins her 45-year reign as queen of England. The British defeat the Spanish Armada, boosting national pride and enhancing the legend of Queen Elizabeth.1589—The Art of English Poesie  (attributed to George Puttenham) is p ublished.1590-1611—William Shakespeare writes his  Sonnets  and the majority of his plays.1600—The East India Company is chartered to promote trade with Asia, eventually leading to the establishment of the British Raj in India.1603—Queen Elizabeth dies and James I (James VI of Scotland) accedes to the throne.1604—Robert Cawdreys  Table Alphabeticall, the first English  dictionary, is published.  1607—The first permanent English settlement in America is established at Jamestown, Virginia.1611—The Authorized Version of the English Bible (the King James Bible) is published, greatly influencing the development of the written language.1619—The first African slaves in North America arrive in Virginia.1622—Weekly News, the first English newspaper, is published in London.1623—The First Folio edition of Shakespeares plays is published.1642—Civil War breaks out in England after King Charles I attempts to arrest hi s parliamentary critics. The war leads to the execution of Charles I, the dissolution of parliament, and the replacement of the English monarchy with a Protectorate (1653–59) under Oliver Cromwells rule.1660—The monarchy is restored; Charles II is proclaimed king.1662—The Royal Society of London appoints a committee to consider ways of improving English as a language of science.1666—The Great Fire of London destroys most of the City of London inside the old Roman City Wall.1667—John Milton publishes his epic poem  Paradise Lost.1670—The Hudsons Bay Company is chartered for promoting trade and settlement in Canada.1688—Aphra Behn, the first woman novelist in England, publishes  Oroonoko, or the History of the Royal Slave.1697—In his  Essay Upon Projects,  Daniel Defoe  calls for the creation of an Academy of 36 gentlemen to dictate English  usage.1702—The Daily Courant, the first regular daily newspaper in Eng lish, is published in London.1707—The Act of Union unites the Parliaments of England and  Scotland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain.1709—The first Copyright Act is enacted in England.1712—Anglo-Irish satirist and cleric  Jonathan Swift  proposes the creation of an English Academy to regulate English  usage  and ascertain the language.1719—Daniel Defoe publishes  Robinson Crusoe, considered by some to be the first modern English novel.1721—Nathaniel Bailey publishes his  Universal Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, a pioneer study in English  lexicography: the first to feature current  usage,  etymology,  syllabification, clarifying  quotations, illustrations, and indications of  pronunciation.1715—Elisabeth Elstob publishes the first grammar of Old English.1755—Samuel Johnson  publishes his two-volume  Dictionary of the English Language.1760-1795—This period marks the ris e of the English grammarians (Joseph Priestly, Robert Lowth, James Buchanan, John Ash, Thomas Sheridan, George Campbell, William Ward, and Lindley Murray), whose rule books, primarily based on  prescriptive  notions of grammar, become increasingly popular.  1762—Robert Lowth publishes his  Short Introduction to English Grammar.1776—The  Declaration of Independence  is signed, and the American War of Independence begins, leading to the creation of the United States of America, the first country outside the British Isles with English as its principal language.1776—George Campbell publishes  The Philosophy of Rhetoric.1783—Noah Webster  publishes his  American Spelling Book.1785—The Daily Universal Register  (renamed  The Times  in 1788) begins publication in London.1788—The English first settle in  Australia, near present-day Sydney.1789—Noah Webster publishes  Dissertations on the English Language, which adv ocates an  American standard of usage.1791—The Observer, the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain, begins publication.Early 19th century—Grimms Law  (discovered by Friedrich von Schlegel and Rasmus Rask, later elaborated by Jacob Grimm) identifies relationships between certain  consonants  in Germanic languages (including English) and their originals in Indo-European. The formulation of Grimms Law marks a major advance in the development of  linguistics  as a scholarly field of study.1803—The Act of Union incorporates Ireland into Britain, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.1806—The British occupy Cape Colony in South Africa.1810—William Hazlitt  publishes  A New and Improved Grammar of the English Language.​1816—John Pickering compiles the first dictionary of  Americanisms.1828—Noah Webster publishes his  American Dictionary of the English Language. Richard Whateley publishes  Elements of Rhetoric.1840—The native Maori in  New Zealand  cede sovereignty to the British.1842—The London Philological Society is founded.1844—The telegraph is invented by Samuel Morse, inaugurating the development of rapid communication, a major influence on the growth and spread of English.Mid 19th century—A  standard variety of American English  develops. English is established in  Australia,  South Africa,  India, and other British colonial outposts.1852—The first edition of  Rogets Thesaurus  is published.1866—James Russell Lowell champions the use of American  regionalisms, helping to end deference to the  Received British Standard. Alexander Bain publishes  English Composition and Rhetoric. The transatlantic telegraph cable is completed.1876—Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone, thus modernizing private communication.1879—James A.H. Murray begins editing the Philological Societys  New English Dictionary on Historical Principles  (later renamed the  Oxford English Dictionary).1884/1885—Mark Twains  novel  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  introduces a  colloquial  prose  style  that significantly influences the writing of fiction in the U.S.1901—The Commonwealth of Australia is established as a dominion of the British Empire.1906—Henry and Francis Fowler publish the first edition of  The Kings English.1907—New Zealand is established as a dominion of the British Empire.1919—H.L. Mencken  publishes the first edition of  The American Language, a pioneer study in the history of a major national version of English.1920—The first American commercial radio station begins operating in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.1921—Ireland  achieves Home Rule, and Gaelic is made an official language in addition to English.1922—The British Broadcasting Company (later renamed the British Broadcasting Corporat ion, or  BBC) is established.1925—The New Yorker  magazine is founded by  Harold Ross  and Jane Grant.1925—George P. Krapp publishes his two-volume  The English Language in America, the first comprehensive and scholarly treatment of the subject.1926—Henry Fowler publishes the first edition of his  Dictionary of Modern English Usage.1927—The first speaking motion picture,  The Jazz Singer, is released.1928—The Oxford English Dictionary  is published.1930—British linguist C.K. Ogden introduces  Basic English.1936—The first television service is established by the BBC.1939—World War II begins.1945—World War II ends. The Allied victory contributes to the growth of English as a  lingua franca.1946—The Philippines  gains its independence from the U.S.1947—India is freed from British control and divided into Pakistan and India. The  constitution  provides that English remain the official language for 15 years. New Zealand gains its independence from the U.K. and joins the Commonwealth.1949—Hans Kurath publishes  A Word Geography of the Eastern United States, a landmark in the scientific study of American  regionalisms.1950—Kenneth Burke  publishes  A Rhetoric of Motives.1950s—The number of speakers using  English as a second language  exceeds the number of  native speakers.1957—Noam Chomsky  publishes  Syntactic Structures, a key document in the study of  generative  and  transformational grammar.1961—Websters Third New International Dictionary  is published.1967—The Welsh Language Act gives the Welsh language equal validity with  English in Wales, and Wales is no longer considered a part of England. Henry Kucera and Nelson Francis publish  Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English, a landmark in modern  corpus linguistics.1969—Canada  officially becomes bilingual (French and English). The first major English dictionary to use corpus linguistics—The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language—is published.1972—A Grammar of Contemporary English  (by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik) is published. The first call on a personal cell phone is made. The first  email  is sent.1978—The Linguistic Atlas of England  is published.1981—The first issue of the journal  World Englishes  is published.1985—A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language  is published by Longman. The first edition of M.A.K. Hallidays  An Introduction to Functional Grammar  is published.1988—The Internet (under development for more than 20 years) is opened to commercial interests.1989—The second edition of  The Oxford English Dictionary  is published.1993—Mosaic, the web browser credited with popularizing the World Wide Web, is released. (Netscape Navigator b ecomes available in 1994, Yahoo! in 1995, and Google in 1998.)1994—Text messaging  is introduced, and the first modern blogs go online.1995—David Crystal publishes  The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language.1997—The first social networking site (SixDegrees.com) is launched. (Friendster is introduced in 2002, and both MySpace and Facebook begin operating in 2004.)2000—The Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) is made available to subscribers.2002—Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum publish  The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Tom McArthur publishes  The Oxford Guide to World English.2006—Twitter, a social networking and microblogging service, is created by Jack Dorsey.2009—The two-volume  Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary  is published by Oxford University Press.2012—The fifth volume (SI-Z) of the  Dictionary of American Regional English  (DARE  ) is publishe d by Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Resources and Further Reading Algeo, John.  The Origins and Development of the English Language, 6th edition. Wadsworth, 2009.Baugh, Albert C., and Thomas Cable.  A History of the English Language, 5th edition. Prentice Hall, 2001.Bragg, Melvyn.  The Adventure of English: The Biography of a Language. Hodder Stoughton, 2003.Crystal, David.  The English Language. Penguin, 2002.Gooden, Philip.  The Story of English: How the English Language Conquered the World. Quercus, 2009.Hogg, Richard M., and David Dennison, editors.  A History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2006.Horobin, Simon.  How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford University Press, 2016.Lerer, Seth.  Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia University Press, 2007.McArthur, Tom.  The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992.McWhorter, John.  Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold Story of English. Gotham, 2008.Millward, C.M., and Mary Hayes.  A Biography of the English Language, 3rd  ed. Wadsworth, 2011.Mugglestone, Linda.  The Oxford History of English. Oxford University Press, 2006.Nist, John.  A Structural History of English. St. Martins Press, 1966.